Red blood cells contain an iron containing chemical called hemoglobin. When RBCs grow old they are destroyed and the hemoglobin is released into the blood sans iron content. This new chemical is called bilirubin. The liver not only secretes bile to the intestines for fat digestion but it also removes toxins and wastes including bilirubin from the blood.

In the liver the bilirubin is conjugated and the resulting acid is secreted in bile juice. This conjugated bilirubin is excreted through feces. Obstruction of the bile ducts that release bile to the intestines, malfunctioning of the liver and release of excessive bilirubin into the blood which is beyond the liver’s eliminating capacity all lead to jaundice. Diseases like hemolytic anemia and liver affecting aliments of typhoid, malaria, yellow fever and tuberculosis may also cause this condition.

Neonatal jaundice is jaundice in newborn infants due to rise in bilirubin levels that occur in the first few days after birth. After birth destruction of the fetal RBCs occurs accompanied by their substitution by non fetal RBCs. The baby’s liver is overloaded and jaundice is caused.

Pathological jaundice comes with a health risk and is found in adults and children due to diseases, medications, blood incompatibilities, genetic syndromes, blood diseases, cirrhosis, hepatitis, bile duct blockages etc.

Physical examination may reveal masses in the abdomen that indicate metastatic cancer affecting the liver causing jaundice. Rock hard liver signals liver cancer and enlarged liver means cirrhosis. Blood tests that measure bilirubin also help diagnose jaundice.

Elevations of liver tests also can signify the disease. Ultrasonography using sound to check the abdominal organs can indicate gall stones/tumors obstructing the bile ducts. MRI scans, CT scans, endoscopic ultrasounds and liver biopsies can also reveal gall stones, tumors and liver ailments.

1. To ensure that the callus stays protected from further wear and tear, place a wear clothing or soft pad on the callus while going out or even moving around in your own house. Using soft pads made of gauze, cotton or silicone can effectively protect the calluses from all kinds of injury. The lesser  the resistance and friction experienced by a callus, the more rapidly it will start diminishing.
2. Identify the habitual motion responsible for formation of the callus and stop making it. This step is more essential for individuals for whom covering the calluses is not possible.
3. Soaking the calluses in a solution of Epsom salt or salt water for a minimum of 20 minutes helps in speeding up the healing of the calluses.
4. You can also use pumice stones for sanding down your calluses. Pumice stones can be bought from any department store of your locality. Rubbing the calluses gently with these stones will gradually wear them without any injury or pain.
5. Another useful home remedy for calluses is chamomile tea. Prepare the tea by steeping chamomile leaves in boiling hot water. Now, soak your calluses into it for a minimum of 30 minutes. Follow this procedure up with rubbing the areas using a clean brush or towel; this will result in removal of the loose softened skin from your calluses.

Unhealthy sexual behavior:
Making unprotected sexual relationships is quite common for the depressed teenagers. Some get themselves engaged in such ill relationships only for coming out from the feeling of depression temporarily. This habit leaves them at extreme risk of developing sexually transmitted diseases.

Self-harm:
A teenager suffering from depression often performs acts like burning or cutting oneself. In the last 5 years it has been found that majority of the depressed teenagers are opting for self-harm. Majority of the teens try keeping such behavior of them a secret; for instance: if they make cuts on their arms, they wear long-sleeved clothes for hiding the marks. Self harming nature of depressed teens should be treated immediately to prevent more severe outcomes.

Suicidal tendencies:
Teens with depression often get engaged in activities like discussing about suicide, imagining about death, making plans of suicides, showing suicidal gestures or even attempting to take their own lives. Each of the activities mentioned above is a warning sign and they must be professionally handled for ensuring that they don’t become successful in taking their own lives. These teens must be supervised by a mental health doctor. Undergoing psychological counseling might also help them.

1. Start applying OTC eye serums or creams having moisturizing effects in them regularly around the eyes. If you are using a serum apply it around the eyes once every week; the gentle eye creams however, should be applied every day before going to bed. The eye serums have skin firming agents in them, which works by tightening up your wrinkled skin. As a result, the crow’s feet will gradually fade away.
2. Dab the region around the eyes using water and place a peeled potato slice on it. Wait for ten minutes and remove the slice. Doing this twice everyday will slowly remove the wrinkles and fine lines around the eyes. Applying egg whites around the eyes is also known to offer similar benefits.
3. A mix prepared by blending 1 teaspoon orange extracts and1 teaspoon lemon juice when applied on the crow’s feet and kept for ten minutes is known to yield miraculous results in removing the ugly wrinkles. Application of a mix of 1 tablespoon sesame oil and castor oil around the eyes will also show up great results as far as removing the crow’s feet is concerned.
4. For ensuring that you don’t get any new crow’s feet, you must avoid direct sun exposure. Use sunglasses, hats and sunblocks whenever you go out in the sun. Exfoliate and moisturize your skin on a regular basis. For preventing appearance of crow’s fit, you must also quit smoking. The more you smoke, the more will be your chances of having wrinkles.

1. By mixing some easily available natural ingredients, you can create a concoction for treating your ingrown hairs. Mix 2 teaspoon lemon juice, 1 cup of sugar, ¼ cup of honey and 1and half teaspoon cornstarch. Microwave this mixture until it gets warm. Allow the mixture to cool down and add a tablespoon of apple cider vinegar to it. Now, the mixture is ready for application. Dap a little cornstarch on the body part with ingrown hairs and apply the concoction on it. Wait for 20 minutes and wash the area using warm water. A single application per day for 7 consecutive days should be enough for removing the ingrown hairs.

   

2. Both salt and sugar can be used for making effective exfoliating scrubs for loosening the ingrown hairs. However, you should never use sugar and salt together for this purpose. The procedure of using sugar and salt for removing ingrown hairs is same. First, dampen the affected body part; now, take either salt or sugar and gently rub it on that area using circular strokes. Continue the process for 5 minutes and wash the region using warm water.
3. Aspirin mask is another remedy for ingrown hairs. One of the active ingredients of aspirin is salicylic acid, which is an excellent exfoliator. Crush 3 to 4 uncoated aspirin tablets and add 1½ teaspoon jojoba oil (if you have oily skin, you should use water instead of jojoba oil) to it.  Apply the mix onto the affected body part; wash the region using warm water after 10 minutes.

The most common sign of a metal allergy is contact dermatitis. Contact dermatitis might manifest in form of symptoms like blisters, rashes, itchiness and redness on the skin. With progression of the condition the allergy patient might get scaly, dry patches on affected skin areas. Contact dermatitis is a common sign of nickel allergy. Nickel is a widely used metal and is found in items like sippers, costume jewelry, bra clasps and many other items used by us on a regular basis. The signs of contact dermatitis start appearing within 6 to 24 hours of coming in contact with the metal allergen. Individuals, who are extremely sensitive towards nickel can also develop allergic reactions after eating food items containing nickel; examples of such foods include chocolate, certain fishes etc. The itching caused by contact dermatitis can be treated effectively by applying hydrocortisone cream topically in the affected regions of the skin.

Majority of the allergy-triggering contacts with metallic substances take place on the skin’s surface. However, there are also instances when metal needs to be inserted into our body for certain medical purposes. For instance often women choose to use intrauterine devices made up of copper as a mode of contraception; another common use of insertion of metal into our body is in form of fillings for dental cavities, where amalgam metal is used. Although rare but such internal use of metal can also cause metal allergy symptoms. A case study of 1985 reported that a woman experienced itchiness and swelling in and around her eyelids and oral cavity following the insertion of copper IUD. Then, after some months of the insertion she had rashes all over the body and also experienced severe itching in time of her menstruation. The blood tests showed that all these symptoms occurred due to increased sensitivity towards copper. The dental fillings are prepared from amalgamation of metals, which include mercury. Exposure to mercury might result in occurrence of contact dermatitis in some.

There are also instances when metallic joint implants have resulted in allergic reactions. This allergic reaction might be the result of one or more than one metal used for making the orthopedic implants. The symptoms may include formation of rashes accompanied by swelling and itchiness in the skin of the implant site. Some patients undergoing joint implants also complain about signs like weakness and fatigue, which doctor often categorize as allergy symptoms. The two most common allergy-causing metals used for making the implants include cobalt and nickel. The other commonly used metals for manufacturing these implants for instance zirconium, tantalum and titanium are not known to trigger any allergy symptom. For people allergic to cobalt or nickel, doctors now recommend using ceramic implants or metal implants with ceramic-coats.

Parul Christian, a member of the research team stated that they were given the opportunity of following offerings of the women participating in the randomized trials of certain nutrients like iron and folic acid for assessing their neurocognitive properties and outcomes. Through keen observation, the researchers discovered that kids of the women receiving the two supplements during pregnancy secured higher marks in the tests of motor skills, organization skills and intelligence compared to the kids of women who did not have those supplements.

Christian mentioned that through this study they wanted to show the world that prenatal use of supplements of folic acid and iron can significantly impact the motor skills and intellectual levels of the offspring. According to Christian, prenatal consumption of these two nutritional supplements also helped in enhancing the executive functioning of the offspring. Both folic acid and iron are important nutrients for ensuring proper nerve development of the developing fetus. The researchers feel this feature of the two nutrients contributed to the result of the study.

Supplemental children only secured 2.4 points more than the non-supplemental ones in nonverbal intelligence tests. This difference in scores may appear to be quite small when assumed in perspective of a small group; however, if we consider the entire nation or the world population, the difference is quite significant.

How does oxygen kill pimple causing bacteria? Oxygen kills these bacteria by weakening the cell membranes, which allows the vital compounds of the pimple causing microbes to leak out. Oxygen impairs the reproducing ability of the bacteria. Application of oxygen is also known to reduce skin inflammation occurring due to the appearance of pimples. Besides all these, the production of elastin and collagen also increases when our skin gets exposed to oxygen.

How is oxygen applied to the pimple affected skin? You can apply oxygen onto your skin either by applying pressurized oxygen using a mask or by using a nebulizer (the nebulizer supplies wet oxygen). Other than these, you will also come across several oxygen containing skin care products like lotions, creams and face washes. Skin care products containing benzoyl peroxide generates oxygen after being applied on the skin and thus is widely used for treating pimples. There are clinics that offer treatments using blue LED lights; this therapeutic procedure is another way of initiating the process of oxygen release onto the skin.

When the oxygen therapy for pimple removal is done in a clinical setup, the patient needs to undergo laser microdermabrasion before the actually oxygen therapy starts. Laser microdermabrasion is done for skin exfoliation or removal of dead cells from the skin. This process is followed by a hydrating treatment. After these two steps, the actual oxygen therapy begins. Oxygen is applied onto the affected regions in form of mist or gas; in most cases beneficial vitamins are also applied to nourishing the skin.

• Blurred vision: It is worth noting that in the start when these medications are just started, blurred vision is common. So, do not become hyper or angry for that.
• Constipation: Antidepressants may lead to constipation in some people. And therefore it is vital that while you are on these medications, have lots of fiber rich foods.
• Problems in conjugal relations: Since this problem may have effect on relationship and married lives, it needs to be discussed with the doctor.
• Daytime sleepiness: Depression medications have side effects like daytime drowsiness and sleepiness. And therefore patients must avoid driving or doing too tedious tasks at such times.
• Insomnia: in some patients depression medications may lead to insomnia.
• Apart from the above side effects other common side effects of depression medications include excessive urination, headache, agitation, anxiety. When apart from such common side effects if there are other serious things that come into picture then talk to the doctor immediately.

Depression medications can cause the following drug interactions:

• SSRI medications for depression have serious drug interactions with other antidepressants. And that’s why doctors usually do not combine SSRI antidepressants with other depression medications.
• When there is drug interaction between SSRI antidepressants and antihistamines there might be treatment reversal and the antidepressant may lose its effectiveness. Also, there might be symptoms like chest pain and irregular heart rhythm. It is also seen that interactions of SSRI antidepressants with diabetes medications may lead to imbalance in sugar levels.
• With blood pressure and heart medications it is seen that SSRI antidepressants may lead to toxic effect creating mental confusion, changes in blood pressure levels, angina.
• SSRI has drug interactions also with other psychiatric medications like benzodiazepines, mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants.